{"id":187,"date":"2021-08-25T09:30:00","date_gmt":"2021-08-25T07:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.radiofolk.sk\/?p=187"},"modified":"2021-09-11T08:47:17","modified_gmt":"2021-09-11T06:47:17","slug":"fujara-ako-vznikla-a-odkial-pochadza","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.radiofolk.sk\/?p=187","title":{"rendered":"FUJARA &#8211; ako vznikla a odkia\u013e poch\u00e1dza"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fujara je obdobou gotickej basovej trojdierkovej p\u00ed\u0161\u0165aly. P\u00f4vodne boli tak\u00e9to p\u00ed\u0161\u0165aly v Eur\u00f3pe v 12. &#8211; 13. storo\u010d\u00ed ve\u013emi zn\u00e1me a hojne roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e9:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gotick\u00e9 trojdierkov\u00e9 p\u00ed\u0161\u0165alky z 12. a\u017e 13. storo\u010dia boli omnoho men\u0161ie ne\u017e teraj\u0161ia fujara, preto sa na nich dalo hra\u0165 jednou rukou. To umo\u017e\u0148ovalo, aby sa vtedaj\u0161\u00ed p\u00ed\u0161\u0165alk\u00e1r aj s\u00e1m doprev\u00e1dzal hrou na bubienok: v jednej ruke dr\u017eal trojdierkov\u00fa p\u00ed\u0161talku a druhou udieral na bubienok, \u010di tambur\u00ednu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Fujara - Sounds of Po\u013eana - Zvuky Po\u013eany (Music4Relax)\" width=\"1440\" height=\"810\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Dv6MLK4U06U?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tak\u00e9to trojdierkov\u00e9 p\u00ed\u0161\u0165alky boli ob\u013e\u00faben\u00e9 a hojne roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e9 aj na Slovensku, \u010do potvrdzuj\u00fa aj viacer\u00e9 dobov\u00e9 dokumenty: napr\u00edklad zobrazenie p\u00ed\u0161\u0165alk\u00e1ra s bubienkom pod Ostr\u00fdm Hradom, \u010di ned\u00e1vne vykop\u00e1vky na Pustom Hrade pri Zvolene, kde boli PhDr. Hanuliakom n\u00e1jden\u00e9 dve trojdierkov\u00e9 p\u00ed\u0161\u0165alky z 13. storo\u010dia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V obdob\u00ed renesancie flauty a p\u00ed\u0161\u0165alky s tromi hmatov\u00fdmi otvormi ustupovali. V neskor\u0161om obdob\u00ed (renesancia a\u017e baroko) na z\u00e1klade pr\u00edkladu hudobnej polyf\u00f3nie sl\u00e1\u010dikov\u00fdch n\u00e1strojov (husle &#8211; sopr\u00e1n; viola &#8211; altov\u00e1 poloha; violon\u010delo &#8211; tenor; basa &#8211; basov\u00e1 poloha) sa spont\u00e1nne vytv\u00e1rali aj rodiny dychov\u00fdch hudobn\u00fdch n\u00e1strojov (16. storo\u010die), \u010doho dokumentom s\u00fa flauty v nemeckom prostred\u00ed, kde existuj\u00fa altov\u00e9 flauty, tenorov\u00e9 i basov\u00e9 s bo\u010dn\u00fdm pr\u00edvodn\u00fdm kan\u00e1likom obdobnej kon\u0161trukcie, ako je bo\u010dn\u00e1 p\u00ed\u0161\u0165ala na fujare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/proxy\/b9zqxqj5Gul_O5s28nlEAytFvX5fOc3-s4OoyCrAzyVCh7KP7S6fVqJJ188h-pRaW-kqvgYdu_dFbgM8sz5F9rwc\" alt=\"Ba\u010dovsk\u00e9 trio\" width=\"602\" height=\"907\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aj u trojdierkov\u00fdch p\u00ed\u0161\u0165al bola snaha obnovi\u0165 ich reperto\u00e1r a vytvori\u0165 rodinu. Hudobn\u00fd vedec z 15-16. storo\u010dia Michael Pret\u00f3rius (p\u00f4vodom zo Sliezka), vo svojom diele &#8220;Teatrum instrumentarum&#8221; z roku 1619 dokumentuje existenciu takejto rodiny, pri\u010dom podot\u00fdka, \u017ee toto hudobn\u00e9 zoskupenie nikdy spolo\u010dne nehralo vzh\u013eadom k obmedzen\u00fdm mo\u017enostiam, preto\u017ee rozp\u00e4tie stupnice sa dosahuje cez tzv. alikv\u00f3ty, t.j. prefukovan\u00edm n\u00e1stroja, a t\u00fdm \u010dinom neexistoval s\u00falad medzi n\u00e1strojmi altovej, tenorovej, \u010di basovej polohy. Jednoducho to neladilo. Uv\u00e1dza, \u017ee existuj\u00fa tri rozmery trojdierkov\u00fdch p\u00ed\u0161\u0165al &#8220;melodick\u00e1 p\u00ed\u0161\u0165ala&#8221; s rozmerom 20 c\u00f3lov, &#8220;tenorov\u00e1 p\u00ed\u0161\u0165ala&#8221; s rozmerom 26 c\u00f3lov a &#8220;basov\u00e1 p\u00ed\u0161\u0165ala&#8221; s rozmerom 35 c\u00f3lov. Podobne sa o tomto probl\u00e9me, nez\u00e1vislo od Pretoria, vyjadril Mersen v pr\u00e1ci z roku 1632, ktory p\u00f4sobil vo Franc\u00fazsku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Fujara - Daniel Homola a \u013dubo\u0161 Dubovsk\u00fd - Zafujerau ba\u010da\" width=\"1440\" height=\"810\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/8TVad7H2FvU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Treba doplni\u0165, \u017ee trojdierkov\u00e9 basov\u00e9 p\u00ed\u0161\u0165aly z tohto obdobia mali rozmery v rozp\u00e4t\u00ed 91-130 cm s dvomi hmatov\u00fdmi otvormi v prednej \u010dasti pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165a a jednou v zadnej \u010dasti pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165a. V m\u00faseu v Bruseli existuje zbierka ve\u013emi star\u00fdch hudobn\u00fdch n\u00e1strojov, medzi nimi aj trojdierkov\u00e1 basov\u00e1 p\u00ed\u0161\u0165ala ve\u013ek\u00e1 asi 93-102 cm s bo\u010dnou pr\u00edvodovou p\u00ed\u0161\u0165alou a tromi hmatov\u00fdmi otvormi (dva zpredu a jeden v zadnej \u010dasti pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165a n\u00e1stroja). N\u00e1stroj poch\u00e1dza zo severnej \u010dasti Talianska. Je ve\u013emi, ba a\u017e preve\u013emi n\u00e1padne podobn\u00fd fujare, ktor\u00e1 sa v minulosti vyskytovala v okol\u00ed obc\u00ed Priechod, Hiadel, Streln\u00edky, Podkonice a pod., ktor\u00fa na\u0161i etnomzuzikologovia nazvali &#8220;priechodsk\u00e1 fujara&#8221;. Z uveden\u00fdch d\u00f4vodov je tzv. &#8220;priechodsk\u00e1 fujara&#8221; pova\u017eovan\u00e1 za archaickej\u0161iu formu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bystricoviny.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/fujara.jpg\" alt=\"70 rokov \u00da\u013dUV a 10.v\u00fdro\u010die z\u00e1pisu fujary do zoznamu UNESCO\" width=\"841\" height=\"662\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V tomto kontexte Dr. Ma\u010d\u00e1k lokalizuje miesto vzniku fujary do oblasti severnej\u0161ie od Banskej Bystrice, teda do okolia s\u00fa\u010dastnej Slovenskej Lup\u010de a vy\u0161\u0161ie uveden\u00fdch obc\u00ed. Usudzuje, \u017ee trojdierkov\u00e1 basov\u00e1 p\u00ed\u0161\u0165ala sa dostala na toto \u00fazemie v obdob\u00ed tureck\u00fdch vojen, ke\u010f pri Slovenskej \u013dup\u010di bol pluk \u017eoldnierov zo z\u00e1padnej Eur\u00f3py. Postupne sa dostala do slovensk\u00e9ho prostredia, konzervovala sa, zotrvala ako endemit a dnes je vz\u00e1cnos\u0165ou. Tie\u017e sa z tohto usudzuje, \u017ee jej posun do oblasti Detvy a okolia je podru\u017enou z\u00e1le\u017eitos\u0165ou, kde je zjavn\u00e1 kon\u0161truk\u010dn\u00e1 \u00faprava a s\u00edce umiestnenie horn\u00e9ho hmatov\u00e9ho otvoru v prednej \u010dasti pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165a n\u00e1stroja. Z obdobia tureck\u00fdch vojen sa v tomto regi\u00f3ne v hudobnej kult\u00fare zachoval napr. aj sp\u00f4sob ozdobovania mel\u00f3die barokov\u00fdmi ozdobami, \u010doho dokazom s\u00fa cifry prim\u00e1\u0161ov na Podpo\u013ean\u00ed, mel\u00f3die p\u00ed\u0161\u0165alk\u00e1rov, ale aj niektor\u00e9 ozdoby v interpreta\u010dnom prejave fujar\u00e1\u0161ov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Autor textu: Karol Ko\u010d\u00edk<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Fujara je obdobou gotickej basovej trojdierkovej p\u00ed\u0161\u0165aly. P\u00f4vodne boli tak\u00e9to p\u00ed\u0161\u0165aly v Eur\u00f3pe v 12. &#8211; 13. storo\u010d\u00ed ve\u013emi zn\u00e1me a hojne roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e9: Gotick\u00e9 trojdierkov\u00e9 p\u00ed\u0161\u0165alky z 12. a\u017e 13. storo\u010dia boli omnoho men\u0161ie ne\u017e teraj\u0161ia fujara, preto sa na nich dalo hra\u0165 jednou rukou. To umo\u017e\u0148ovalo, aby sa vtedaj\u0161\u00ed<span class=\"more-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiofolk.sk\/?p=187\">viac<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":188,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[12],"tags":[],"class_list":["entry","author-administrator","post-187","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-hudobne-nastroje"],"jetpack-related-posts":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.radiofolk.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/FUJARA2.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.radiofolk.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/187","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.radiofolk.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.radiofolk.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.radiofolk.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.radiofolk.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=187"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.radiofolk.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/187\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":189,"href":"https:\/\/www.radiofolk.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/187\/revisions\/189"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.radiofolk.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/188"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.radiofolk.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=187"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.radiofolk.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=187"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.radiofolk.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=187"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}